Barbie Dolls A Of A Societal Female Identity Has Been...

Breasts. Bows. Barbie dolls. The foundation of a societal female identity has been established and reinforced time and time again. As children, we are taught which physical attributes and personal preferences align with the stereotypical women’s figure, culminated in the Bratz Doll. â€Å"Sugar, spice and everything nice† has taken on a modern day spin. Less room exists for the quintessential quiet, book reading girl while more space is made for the spacey mean girls whose handbag contents include lap dogs and hair brushes. Stroll through the toy aisle in any store. Adjust your eyes to the colors, patterns, and themes associated with the products available in the â€Å"girl† and â€Å"boy† departments. These stereotypical standards of pink and blue are as strictly contrasting as black and white. The problems presented in the restrictions and societal ideals of modern day womanhood are not limited to those born female. The channels of femininity are st ructured to both provide identity for those with breasts, wearing bows, and Barbie dolls, but also as a contrast to the qualities associated with the opposite gender. Clothes, hair lengths, toys and games are superficial signs of gender identity, but are often readily accepted by children absorbing the lay of the land as it presented to them. If a young boy identifies himself as being a girl, playing with Barbie’s instead of trucks and trains is complex and not accepted. The young boy feels a sense of excitement a thrill that he canShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Disclosure Of Transgender Identity2433 Words   |  10 PagesDisclosure of transgender identity is one of the most challenging yet personally liberating pronouncements that an individual can share with others. Verbalizing their self-identity can be a struggle for transgender individuals due to fears of social disapproval, rejection, loss of loved ones, discrimination, ostracism, verbal harassment, and violence (Shira Ma guen, 2007). An estimated 3.5% of adults in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual and an estimated 0.3% of adults are transgenderRead MoreThe Importance Of Disclosure Of Transgender Identity2565 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract Disclosure of transgender identity is one of the most challenging yet personally liberating pronouncements that an individual can share with others. Verbalizing their self-identity can be a struggle for transgender individuals due to fears of social disapproval, rejection, loss of loved ones, discrimination, ostracism, verbal harassment, and violence (Shira Maguen, 2007). An estimated 3.5% of adults in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual and an estimated 0.3% of adultsRead MoreAppearance Discrimination in Employment22039 Words   |  89 Pagesdiscrimination in employment: Legal and ethical implications of â€Å"lookism† and â€Å"lookphobia† [pic] http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=2040-7149volume=32issue=1articleid=17077304show=html Downloads: The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1519 times since 2013 DOI (Permanent URL):  10.1108/02610151311305632 [pic]  Abstract [pic]  View PDF  (200kb) [pic]  Print View References †¢ References (67) Citations †¢ CrossRef (1) Further reading †¢ Related Content Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesedition 1997 Reprinted 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003 Third edition 2005 Copyright  © 1992, 1997, 2005, Richard M.S. Wilson and Colin Gilligan. All rights reserved The right of Richard M.S. Wilson and Colin Gilligan to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally

Robert Moses - 1080 Words

Robert Moses was the creator of New York City, Long Island, and Westchester County, NY throughout the 1 1930s and 1950s. He had transformed neighborhoods into shorelines and highways/roadways. He was very successful and changed NYC forever. However, some believed that he had removed lower-class residents from their homes to benefit the rich. I believe that he had helped the people of the future by making their life easier and untroublesome. But he was also very inconsiderate with the people who he had displaced to create a better future for the working society today. He had ignored the people of New York City, who had made the city up. Streets, playgrounds, and pools do not make a city, but the people who live within it do. Michael Powell†¦show more content†¦Robert Moses disregarded these rules. Phillip Lopate also wrote an article on Robert Moses, however, his perspective was the opposite of Caro’s. He portrayed Moses as a hero of the twentieth century. His articl e, â€Å"A Town Revived, a Villain Redeemed†, Lopate â€Å"argued that Moses had done far more good for the city than bad — taking into consideration his many parks, beaches, bridges and other necessary transportation projects — and ought to be honored as one of its greatest citizens†. He believes that Moses had made the city much safer for all of us residents. He also admits that there was no doubt that Moses was racist. But he also tells us to look beyond that and see what he has done for us. Moses had cleared large tracts of land for university and hospital expansion or middle-class housing. However, Lopate also explains that poor and working-class families were not relocated nearby but displaced to worse neighborhoods. But he questions us, â€Å"Would be take back all those world-attracting amenities, the hospital and university buildings, the cultural complexes, if we could, even knowing that might imperil the city’s future economy?† An d many of us answer NO. We would not take it back because it benefits us but Lopate does not realize that he destroyed the home of many poor people to create buildings for the future. I think Professor Ballon was right. Caro wrote the article based on the mentality andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Robert Moses s Master Builder 914 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Moses also known as, New York’s â€Å"Master Builder†, was born on December 18,1888 in Connecticut. He grew up in New York City after his family relocated in 1897 . In 1924, Moses became President of Long Island State Park Commission and since than, held power until 1968, when the Rockefellers started possessing all the power. Robert Moses accomplished a lot of construction in New York that was seen as negative and positive by many people. He built 658 playgrounds, 36,000 acres of parkland, 416Read MoreEssay on Mississippis Freedom Summer1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthe cause drove me to join. What happened in the 1 962 elections should never be repeated. Imagine, only 6.7% of eligible black voters registered, the lowest in the whole country! In orientation, we were taught (with a guest appearance of Robert Parris Moses, the director of the project!) of opening Freedom Houses, Freedom Schools and community centers throughout Mississippi. Here, African Americans realize their history and constitutional rights. Nevertheless the most valuable thing we teach isRead MoreA Brief Note On Robert Moses, Richard Ravitch And Othmar Hermann Ammann3916 Words   |  16 Pagescontributions in the world of infrastructure were Robert Moses, Richard Ravitch and Othmar Hermann Ammann. All three of these men were involved in designing numerous landmarks, highways, bridges, tunnels, and other forms of infrastructure that today we take for granted. Although all of these men were involved in infrastructure in the New York metropolitan area, their contributions, personalities, and the public’s opinion of them were all different. Robert Moses was born in New Haven Connecticut. He is consideredRead More Promises To Keep Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pageseverlasting covenant between Me and you and your descendents after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendents after you.† (Gen. 17:7) The sign of the covenant was for Abraham’s male descendents to be circumcised. Moses was next to have a covenant with God, which became known as the Mosaic Covenant. Because of a famine in Canaan, the Israelites moved to the â€Å"Land of the Pharaohs†, Egypt. Although the Israelites were not great in number yet, they grew tremendouslyRead MoreBread of Life1034 Words   |  5 Pagesguest by providing an extravagant meal, which included bread. Sarah even took the time to bake fresh bread for them. Another form of hospitality including bread is in Exodus 2:20. Moses helps Reuel’s. or Jethro his future father-in-law, daughters water their flocks. As thanks for helping his daughters, Reuel asks Moses to eat with them, or â€Å"break bread.† In Exodus, the Lord tells the Israelites to bake unleavened bread for their deliverance from Egypt. The Israelites had to leave Egypt quicklyRead MoreMount Sinai And Religious Beliefs803 Words   |  4 Pagesbrings thousands of christians to Egypt because of it’s history, mystical powers, and it’s overall grandeur. Mount Sinai is located in Sharm El-Sheikh in Egypt it is huge and old but has many stories about it that are told in many different ways. Robert Cornuke says â€Å"Many Bible references seem to point away from the traditional Mount Sinai in the Sinai Peninsula and toward the mountains of Saudi Arabia.† Mount Sinai is sacred to the religion Christian. The word â€Å"Christian† literally means, â€Å"belongingRead MoreCode Of Hammurabi Vs. The Ten Commandments1610 Words   |  7 PagesEgypt there was someone else coming up with a more spiritual way of life. The Ten Commandments, although history says that Moses discovered the stone some time in 1400 B.C., 300 years after, it has been said that these commandments were known about since the beginning of time from a Higher Power. Moses was a former Egyptian prince and later became a Prophet. The bible quotes Moses as one of the greatest Prophets of history. Facing Pharaoh Ramses and freeing the Jews from slavery, he was o ne of the mostRead MoreEssay on The New Identity of Exodus as a Myth1950 Words   |  8 Pagesthis myth. Moses, a descendant from a long line of Israelites, becomes the main character in determining the fate of the Israelites in Egypt. He first experiences the voice and wisdom of God in the form of a burning bush (Ex. 3:3). While in the physical form of a fire, the Lord instructs Moses to â€Å"rescue them (the Israelites) from the hands of the Egyptians and lead them out of that land into a good and spacious land, a land flowing with milk and honey† (Ex. 3:8). The challenge of Moses for the restRead More Escape from the Red Sea Essay example2404 Words   |  10 Pagesthem. In great fear the Israelites cried out to the LORD. 11They said to Moses, ‘Was it because there were no graves in Egypt that you have taken us away to die in the wilderness? What have you done to us, bringing us out of Egypt? 12Is this not the very thing we told you in Egypt, â€Å"Let us alo ne and let us serve the Egyptians’? For it would have been better for us to serve the Egyptians than to die in the wilderness.’ 13But Moses said to the people, ‘Do not be afraid, stand firm, and see the deliveranceRead MoreSpiritual Opportunity For A Transition1926 Words   |  8 Pagescover) The objective of this class is to develop the knowledge and skills that ease the transitions we all go through. With this work we will come to understand the paradox of change and gain a deep understanding of the process of transitions. In using Robert Brumet’s book Finding Yourself in Transition as our guide, we will join with the Israelites of Scripture as they move from an ending, into the void (the wilderness), to a new beginning (the Promised Land). transitions offer the opportunity for a breakthrough

Working for a Large Company Free Essays

The number of people in the US who are quitting their corporate jobs to start their own businesses is growing. One recent best-selling book entitled Fire your Boss! seems to reflect the growing discontent with company life. Why are so many people going into their own businesses? One of the most frustrating things about corporate life is the bureaucracy. We will write a custom essay sample on Working for a Large Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is the administrative system of paperwork and red tape that keeps track of everything in the corporation. Any decision must be agreed upon by many people in different departments and levels of the company. This can be very frustrating for individual employees who want to have control over their own work. They can become exasperated when their good ideas get tied up for months in the bureaucratic machinery. Employees often long the freedom of being their own boss. Another depressing aspect of working for a corporation is the lack of job security. Contrary to business owners, employees in a large company can be fired at any time, for almost no reason. If there is a downturn in the economy, layoffs are likely to come. Even if a worker has done his best to serve the corporations, he could find himself fired without warning or explanation. When a person works for himself, however, he cannot be fired. The traditionally attractive fringe benefits of a corporate position have been decreasing in recent years as well. There was a time when landing a job at a top corporation meant the employee was assured of a good retirement. More and more these days, however, pension benefits are being cut to lower payroll costs. Workers are being forced to worry more about their own retirement plans. In the same vein, health care is another benefit that has started to evaporate. Health insurance premiums are rising, while covered medical conditions are shrinking. This means employees are paying more out-of-pocket expenses than before and getting less care in return. How to cite Working for a Large Company, Papers

Economics and Zara free essay sample

Market Entry Strategy: Case Study of Zara 1. Introduction and Background Internationalisation in China Amongst the motivations to strategise are to grow fast ahead of the competitors, grow in the line with the industry or to simply catch up and defend an existing status. Despite the challenges, threats and risks, the orientation of various firms are to expand, to reach and to penetrate new markets segments. The working title of the research is initially drafted as Market Entry Strategy: Case Study of Zara Internationalisation in China. The study aims to explore the effectiveness of the hosen market entry strategy and mode of entry by Zara in penetrating the Chinese retail market. Whether the strategy proved to be beneficial in its initiative to internationalise the operation of the business will be also explored. Thereby asking, what are the benefits of putting the business within the Chinese business environment? As such, market entry decisions are a multi-approach that requires careful consideration of the firm seeking to widen economies of scope and reach. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics and Zara or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Zara should take note, however, that market entry decisions depend on the resources and the ability to sustain the competitive edge. In this study, different market entry strategies and its drivers, nature and dynamics will be explored with reference to Zaras business. Zaras international strategy framework of market entry, market selection and marketing approach is the driver behind the internationalisation strategy of Zara. When it comes to market entry, the question now is what are the economic and political barriers that take effect on the strategy? 2. Company Profile Owned by Amancio Ortega, Zara, on the other hand, is a clothing company originated in Spain. Inditex Group, the parent company, claims that Zara needed Just a couple of eeks to go through the development of a new product and get it to the stores, compared to that of six months which is the industry average. Zara also launches products amounting 10, 000 new designs annually. Though Zara is a vertically integrated company, Zara controls most of the processes in the supply chain whereby 50% of the products are manufactured in Spain, 26% in the rest of Europe and 24% in Asian countries. nd (2006) contend that Zara outsourced the production of high labor intensive processes but maintained in-house other capital intensive processes, protecting knowledge and know how. The quick-response capability of Zara is made possible by the three main stages that define the competitive edge of the company: design, manufacturing and distribution. thereby conducting most of the processes in-house. While, the rest of the manufacturing activities including finishing stages are completed through a network of 300 small contractors which specializes in one particular part of the production process or garment type. These contractors work exclusively for Inditex, and are not given more than 4% control of the production services so that if there will be a problem with a single contractor, there will 299 to back them. nd (2004) maintain that although its manufacturing costs are 15 to 20% higher than competition, Zara more than makes up for the cost differential through its supply chain to ensure that merchandise in the stores matches what customers want 0. Further, the competitive advantages of Zara are because of its cost leadership, fast production and product variation. Zara sells quality, fashionable products at reasonable prices and based on product positioning, Zara is cheaper than its leading rivals as Benetton and Gap. Zara also has the ability to design and finish products to e deli8everd in stores within 4 to 5 weeks hence very quick to get designer- influenced products into their stores. Likewise, the clothing brand has the ability to launch new trends and designs in a much shorter period. Zara thereby boasts for low level of inventory, efficient distribution system and high turnover of product. 3. Key Issues Market Entry and/or Operations Market Entry International strategy at Zara is defined by the combined generic strategy of cost leadership and differentiation strategy. There are considerations, however, such as when selecting the Chinese market, labor cost and productivity, distribution cost and hipment cost of raw materials are considered. Other considerations are characteristics or behaviour of consumers and income per capita. In terms of marketing approach, the considerations include the 4Ps inherent to the Chinese consumers and business environment. Market entry considerations include economics, both macroeconomic factors which include tax, political condition and export tariff and microeconomic factors including local competitors, demand and location of store. Regulation from government and local producers protection issues are other considerations.

6 steps to dealing with a forgetful boss

6 steps to dealing with a forgetful boss Every job has a secret component that never appears on a job description or annual review: managing your relationship with your boss. Unless you’re at the very top of your company’s food chain, you have a manager who works above and with you to make sure you’re doing what you need to do. But although this is a highly professional relationship, it’s also a human one, with your personality and your boss’s in play. If you have a boss who tends to forget things, or has a short attention span, the work day can feel a bit like Groundhog Day as you explain and re-explain things- but it doesn’t have to be that way. Let’s go over some strategies you can use to make sure your boss has all the info she needs, while helping you keep your sanity.1. Put it in writingWhen you come out of a meeting, or discuss something with your boss, follow up with notes soon after. That way, you have a record of what you talked about, what next steps were, what eve ryone’s responsibilities will be, etc. When your boss comes to you later to ask about topic X, you’ll be able to say, â€Å"Oh, I have the notes on that from last week. I can resend.† Then it’s just a quick email forward, and not a rehash discussion of things you’d already covered.2. Be proactiveDon’t wait for your boss to come to you with a request like, â€Å"Can you update me on X?† or â€Å"I’m blanking on what you were going to do next for Y.† Sending short, regular status updates on various projects can help keep your boss in the loop (preventing queries and you having to stop and explain things), and jog his memory about what you’re doing, and when.3. Target your informationIf you’re dealing with a boss’s short attention span (or busy-ness, or distraction) keep your discussions focused. If you have a status meeting where you update on a number of projects, send an agenda with the most importan t items highlighted, so that you can keep the discussion focused on specific points. Instead of having large meetings on a range of topics, consider having shorter meetings, each on a separate and targeted topic. Staying on-topic can prevent attention and discussions from wandering too far from the subject at hand.4. Use email more efficientlyNothing gets lost in an inbox faster than an email subject line of â€Å"Hey, quick question† or â€Å"Meeting to discuss.† The ease and portability of email often makes for casual writing, but whether you’re sending an email from your desk or on the fly from your phone, take the time to make the subject line as specific as possible. That makes it more findable in your boss’s inbox, and may help head off follow-up questions that have already been answered.5. Tailor to your boss’s personalityThink about what the core issue is here. Is he forgetful because he’s in constant meetings, and just doesn’ t have time to process information? Does she do better with visual presentations than with long-winded discussions? It’s like how teachers adapt their classrooms to how students learn. If you consider why your boss is forgetful or isn’t paying attention, it can help you figure out how to attack the issue. It doesn’t mean your boss is doing a bad job- just that her style may be different from your own.6. Turn to technologyIf you don’t feel comfortable setting reminders for your boss, there are ways to let tech do that for you. Productivity apps like Asana or Evernote can help you manage your own workload and projects, but they also have built-in tools like the ability to assign tasks to other people, send email reminders, etc. It can be a gentle way to remind your boss that he needs to send you the information you need, or sign off on something before you can proceed. Bonus: it’ll keep you more organized too!If you have a manager whose style can see m absent-minded at times, don’t despair. You can’t necessarily change your boss or his style, but you can work on the way you â€Å"manage up† to help maintain your own productivity and peace of mind.

Free Essays on Hassan II

â€Å"Leaders who trust their co-workers are, in turn, trusted by them. Trust, of course, cannot be acquired, but can only be given. Leadership without mutual trust is a contradiction in terms. Trust resides squarely between faith and doubt. The leader always has faith in himself, his abilities, his co-workers, must believe in him, themselves, and their combined strength, but they must feel sufficiently confident to question, challenge, probe, and test, too, Maintaining that vital balance between faith and doubt, preserving that mutual trust, is a primary task for any leader. â€Å" â€Å"Deploying Yourself: Strike Hard, Try Everything† Page:141 The significance of this paragraph to me is that it goes nicely along with my moral principles and values about people. I believe that one should (when working with other people) have trust and belief in order to maximize the production possibilities and production itself by trusting your co-workers. The people get personal satisfaction when they feel that they are trusted, first of all then they are less likely to trick you or betray you in business. Therefore, trusted co-workers are likely to produce more and more work more willingly and harder. It is extremely important to trust your co-workers. The examples of proper leadership can be seen in the Virgin Airline Company founded by Richard Branson. He explicitly displayed all the mentioned characteristics of a great Leader that are mentioned in this book. He treated all workers well and he trusted them. That kind of attitude that Richard Branson adapted led to his extreme popularity amongst his co-workers/ labor force. Trust creates a great sense of responsibility and most importantly, loyalty, which true leaders enjoy. The examples of proper leadership can be seen in the Virgin Airline Company founded by Richard Branson. He explicitly displayed all the mentioned characteristics of a great Leader that are mentioned in this book. He tre... Free Essays on Hassan II Free Essays on Hassan II â€Å"Leaders who trust their co-workers are, in turn, trusted by them. Trust, of course, cannot be acquired, but can only be given. Leadership without mutual trust is a contradiction in terms. Trust resides squarely between faith and doubt. The leader always has faith in himself, his abilities, his co-workers, must believe in him, themselves, and their combined strength, but they must feel sufficiently confident to question, challenge, probe, and test, too, Maintaining that vital balance between faith and doubt, preserving that mutual trust, is a primary task for any leader. â€Å" â€Å"Deploying Yourself: Strike Hard, Try Everything† Page:141 The significance of this paragraph to me is that it goes nicely along with my moral principles and values about people. I believe that one should (when working with other people) have trust and belief in order to maximize the production possibilities and production itself by trusting your co-workers. The people get personal satisfaction when they feel that they are trusted, first of all then they are less likely to trick you or betray you in business. Therefore, trusted co-workers are likely to produce more and more work more willingly and harder. It is extremely important to trust your co-workers. The examples of proper leadership can be seen in the Virgin Airline Company founded by Richard Branson. He explicitly displayed all the mentioned characteristics of a great Leader that are mentioned in this book. He treated all workers well and he trusted them. That kind of attitude that Richard Branson adapted led to his extreme popularity amongst his co-workers/ labor force. Trust creates a great sense of responsibility and most importantly, loyalty, which true leaders enjoy. The examples of proper leadership can be seen in the Virgin Airline Company founded by Richard Branson. He explicitly displayed all the mentioned characteristics of a great Leader that are mentioned in this book. He tre...

Managing a global and diverse workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing a global and diverse workforce - Essay Example Organizations have realized the significance of diversity management as the focus has shifted from earning revenue to enhancing employee satisfaction. In essence, globalization is one of the key contributors to the establishment of workplace diversities making it essential for a human resource manager to build a culturally tolerant environment. The core practice of incorporating this management concept is ensuring that managers utilize all the tools and resources at their disposal in order for the process to be successful. With this, this essay will delve into the compliance-based model of enforcing workplace diversity practice used in the USA in relation to hiring and assigning employees. History of the compliance-based model in the US Initially, the concept of applying workplace diversity began through the introduction of affirmative action as a provision of the law in which human resource professionals had to give equal opportunities to job seekers (Kandola & Fullerton 2003, p. 4) . As per the law, employers cannot use racial, ethnic affiliation, or gender as the basis to offering employment or as a tool for filling out the diversity gaps that may exist within an organization. The process began as a voluntary aspect in which those that desired to apply it could, but it later evolved to be a mandatory practice because of the increase in cases of substandard treatment by employers. In essence, for those that could not comply with the developed legal structures that aimed at enforcing equality at the workplace became subject able to legal penalties. By the mid twentieth century, the quest to achieve workplace diversity had begun in Europe and USA where those that sought employment opportunities in these regions could not experience discrimination (Ozbilgin 2004). The Civil Rights legislation of 1964 and the Directive 2000/78/EC are some of the laws developed in order to protect job seekers from discrimination. Both of these laws safeguard the employees against p rejudicial treatment at the work place because of their religion, gender, sexual preference, personal experience and their ethnic background. Racism as a workplace issue For many years, racism has been a predominant workplace issue that has attracted civil lawsuits because human resource professionals have failed to eradicate out of their organizations. Kumra and Manfredi (2012, p. 101) suggest that the significant fraction of the population that has continued to experience workplace discrimination is the African American population. They argue that blacks experience ‘everyday racism’ at their places of work as compared to any other immigrant population hence making some companies to advocate for institutional racism. Britain is one of the super economies that have minimal regard for people from the black and the ethnic minority groups in relation to positions of power, education, and employment. Further, the percentage of the unemployed from the BME groups stands at 8. 5% because the percentage managers from this community tend to be minimal. The implication of this is that the high percentage registered in the unemployed population is because of having fewer managers at the management levels that can ensure that there is diversity and equality in their places of work (Gold 2009, p. 56). However, this challenge takes from the fact that a significant

Should assisted suicide be an option for patients who are terminally Essay

Should assisted suicide be an option for patients who are terminally ill, in pain and want assisted suicide in Canada - Essay Example There have been several proponents and opponents of the issue in nearly equal proportion. Many of the opponents argue that it is illegal and unethical to assist someone to take away his life (Snyder 2). In contrast, the proponents of assisted suicide believe that the act is a dignified way to die by ending pain and suffering of persons who are terminally ill and suffer from incurable diseases. While the major debate has been whether legalizing assisted suicide would end suffering and pain, it defies the morality and ethics of the society; thus, it should not be legalized. Besides, legalizing assisted suicide could lead to abuse as people would have their lives ended against their wishes. Finally, legalizing the act would imply or lead to putting a dollar value on human life since the high cost of long-term care for people who are terminally ill would outweigh their right to live. Background Information The practice of euthanasia is generally illegal in the country. Nevertheless, ther e have been debates (most recently in Quebec back in March 2012) on whether the government should legalize it or not, particularly after Dr. Jack Kevorkian in Michigan (Gorsuch 44). The current laws in Canada prohibit any physician from assisting a person’s suicide lest he faces prosecution for abetting the act. The debate on the issue of assisted suicide deepened after 1990 when a retired pathologist in Michigan, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, started to attend a number of suicide requests by patients on the verge of dying (Gorsuch 44). He advised patients who suffered from degenerative or terminal diseases on how to administer carbon monoxide and eventually die. This action elicited mixed reactions from the public as Kevorkian was subjected to prosecution where he would answer to charge of unlawfully assisting a person to commit suicide (Gorsuch 44). The Michigan courts dismissed the murder charges, and Kevorkian was ultimately acquitted in 1994 against expectations of prosecutors and Michigan legislators who were determined to ensure the doctor is convicted of murder. Apparently, a physician-assisted suicide (also known as Euthanasia) concerns people who experience pain and suffering due to terminal illness. Pro Argument #1 According to the scientific study on terminal diseases published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, a very small percentage of patients with such illnesses expressed the wish to terminate their lives. Precisely, only one individual out of four wished to die due to suffering and pain (Gorsuch 44). Incidentally, majority of the cases involved patients who had clinically diagnosable depression. The study proposes psychotherapeutic treatment for the terminally ill. It further reveals that the rate of assisted suicide lies between 2% and 4%, a clear suggestion that very few patients will voluntarily permit termination of their lives (Gorsuch 44). Thus, it proposes compassionate counseling alongside psychological and medical care to provide co nstructive and morally acceptable options to euthanasia. In the end, patients would naturally succumb to the terminal illnesses instead of the controversial assisted suicide. In the same way, scientific study reveals a small percentage of patients wishing to die by assisted suicide. In most Cases these patients were diagnosed with depression. Pro Argument #2 A patient

Response Paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response Paper - Coursework Example The writer also sheds light on the fact that Eastern Cherokee community is not only self-sufficient but also they are producing surplus goods to be sold in other markets (David M. Wishart, 1995). Answer: The author has used different ways of rezoning and evidence. For example, he has discussed the issue of removal of Eastern Cherokees who are predominantly farmers and producing surplus. The author has provided many tables in this paper that present statistical data that supports the fact that these people are producing surplus. Answer: To some extent, the writer believes that the demand of white people to sideline Eastern Cherokee community is not valid. These people still follow their tribal norms that passed on from hundreds of years. These people are socially and economically lag behind the mainland United States people. Due to these reasons many white nationalist people demanded that Eastern Cherokee people must not be able to participate in market economy system of the United States because they will make the nation’s economic determinants and statistics bad. Removal. The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Mar., 1995), pp. 120-138. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2123770 .Accessed: 17/11/2013

Childrens cognitive development: social emotional newborn to preschool

Childrens cognitive development: social emotional newborn to preschool Each year myriads of children enter kindergarten or preschool unprepared cognitively. Lack of cognitive development and school readiness is a start on the wrong foot. The fact remains, todays children will be tomorrows leader, parents, workers, and citizens. It is for this reason we should encourage their cognitive development. The issue of child development has raised an assortment of theories over time and cultures to aid the process of child care and parenting. Western cultural views on this subject have been influenced by the ideas of several theorists. Child development is a complex topic as it an intricate mixture of entwined systems and mechanisms occurring in the external environment. This theoretical paper explores key aspects and issues of childrens development in a socio- emotional framework. It will focus on social and emotional development in individuals from birth to school age. Furthermore, it will analyse current research challenges in the area of cognitive development in this group and seek to address the primary criteria is for children to develop successfully. It would be apt to discuss the views of theorists in social and emotional development and additionally include the effect of nature and nurture on the childrens development. This paper will show every theory gives differing developmental views. However, one thing is certain the agreement, of all, that the external, societal environment has a key effect on child development. In conclusion, it will offer recommendations in implementing policies and initiatives to social/emotional development. What is Child Development? Child development is the biological and psychological changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence (Oates 1994). Mishra (2009) adds that it is multi-faceted, integral and continual processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in which children become able to handle ever more complex levels of moving, thinking, feeling and relating to others. All forms of a childs development occur when it interacts with its environment, family and society as a whole. Child development can therefore be described as the study dedicated to understanding every facet of human progression from birth to adolescence. These views show child development is a multi- disciplinary field. Kail (2006) describes the developmental stages of children as newborn (birth 1month), infant (1month-1yr), toddler (1-3yrs), pre-schooler (4-6yrs), school-aged child (6-13years), and adolescents (13yrs 20yrs). He further asserts that child development is essential to society thus importance was to be given to their social, cognitive, emotional and educational development. Core aspects of Child Development Child development occurs differently from one child to the other this is because developmental milestones are not the same for the various aspects development. (Waller 2009) acknowledged the uniqueness in each child and that there was no such thing as normal development. In the main, aside from physical development, Woodhead and Montgomery (2003) the core aspects of development as cognitive, speech and language, social and emotional, fine motor skills and gross motor skills. In reality the core aspects overlap so all areas of development are strengthened and enhanced by growth in others. Cognitive Development and Theories Cognitive (Intellectual) development is the acquisition of skills in childhood to adapt with the world around them. It plays a major role in a childs ability to think critically. These processes comprise of understanding reasoning, thinking, problem solving, learning, conceptualizing, classifying and remembering (Schaffer 2006). This assignment cannot conceivably cover all the work done on cognition in children. Dozens of child development theories exist but four exponents have contributed valued insights in this field. Each takes their cognitive development theories from a different angle. Jean Piaget expounds knowledge acquisition is an interplay between children and their environment. He gives four stages for cognitive evolution. Piaget noted that each stage of cognitive development was qualitatively different from the previous and the next. Piagets stages of cognitive development were; Sensorimotor (birth 2yrs), Preoperational (2 7yrs), Concrete operations (7 11yrs) and Formal operations (11 years on). Periods were based on approximation. Initially, Children were seen as little adults but Jean Piaget showed that childrens thinking capacities did not gradually improve with maturity but rather went through transformations in logical competency, passing through a sequence of stages in development. This explains why a four month old baby learning to explore his environment kicks his feet to move a mobile suspended above his crib. Other theorists, like Vygotsky, Erikson, and Gesell contend that Piagets early theories are flawed or incomplete. Vygotskys underlying theoretical framework argued that social interaction played key part in cognition development. He states every function in the child cultural development appears twice: first on the social level, and later on the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory and the formation of ideas (Vygotsky 1978). Gesell argued that cognitive development has a timetable which is decided by genetics. He, like Piaget, deemphasizes the individual differences in children and he stresses the significance of maturation. He believed that skills and abilities appeared in a predictable order and that because children were subject to preordained developmental forces their behaviours were not accidental. He offered four areas of behavioural development; motor, language, adaptive and personal-social. Erikson like Gesell was more interested in the emotional aspect of child development. He thought of development in terms of stages as well but his theory differs from Piagets in that the accent was on the individual differences in children. Social and Emotional Development Sroufe (1996) gave a definition of emotion as a subjective reaction to a salient event, characterised by physiological experiential and overt behavioural change. Emotions are an innate part our nature gain as a hereditary trait. Cognitive and emotional development are usually seen as disconnect processes. Bell Wolfe (2004) showed both behaviours and developments to be link; acting on each other to process ideas, information and action. Eriksons theory on Psychosocial Development Eriksons psychosocial development is possibly the best known theory in psychology. Like Freud, Erikson believed that personality developed in a succession of stages. But his theory differed from Freuds on two counts. Firstly Erikson stated that children were active and enquiring explorers who sought to adapt to their environment, other than a reactive or passive slave to the genetics of their parents. Erikson held that in every stage of life individuals must negotiate social realities to adapt effectively and show a normal development pattern. With social interaction our Ego Identity develops. According to Erikson the ego identity regularly changes as a result of new information gained daily by our day to day interaction with others. Secondly, Erikson placed lesser accent on sexual tendencies than Freud psychosexual theory. He places more accents on cultural influences and explains the impact of social experiences over an individuals lifetime. Erikson held the view that a sense of competency motivated actions and behaviours but managing a crisis inadequately made the individual feel a failure. For Erikson development was a life-long process and his eight stages of man theory confirms this proposing that development of man began at birth and ended with old age and death. Greene (2008) adds that each developmental stage was a new plateau for developing mastery within the context of social factors. As mentioned earlier the socialization process had eight psychosocial stages (crises) during an individuals lifetime. All crises need to be resolved successfully to work towards an acceptable resolve in the next crises. Erikson viewed these conflicts as areas of developing or failing in psychological quality. In all crises there is an equal potential for success or failure in personal growth. His eight stages of psychosocial development are, in order, Trust verses Mistrust, Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt, Initiative versus Guilt, Industry versus Inferiority, Identity versus Confusion, Intimacy versus Isolation, Generativity versus Stagnation, and finally Integrity versus Despair. This final crisis appears in the aged and focuses on reflection of life. In who are unsuccessful at this stage will feel that life has been wasted and experience pain and regret leading to bitterness and despair. On the other hand, individuals who are proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity. A successful completion means satisfaction with few regrets, if any. Such individuals, Erikson claims, will achieve wisdom even on confrontation with death. Challenges to Eriksons theory on Development Eriksons psychosocial theory is still held in high regard widely but there are critics, as with all concepts and models that challenge his ideas. His model is made up of stages. This brings in the idea of discontinuity which stresses that development happens in a succession of sudden changes that develop into changes. Continuity theorists disagree, arguing that individuals developed in smaller stages with no sudden change. For example language development and physical growth are a gradual, smooth continuous growth. Erikson didnt accept defeat in this argument. He suggested that early stage experiences had a bearing with later stage experiences subsequently they were connected in a manner to show continuity. For some his theory is seen as too generalised. Stevens (1983) suggests his theory lacks rigour. In his theory behaviours and mechanisms cannot be easily identified as the often appear unclear. Also being challenged are the overlapping stages. Yet, it may have been a true reflection of its nature as opposed to being inadequate. Erikson, himself, affirms that his theory was based on clinical studies and that all walks of people gave him access to their life experiences. He does accept that due to this his theory could be culture or class driven. He sought to rectify his assertion through his study of anthropology where he compared and debated the life cycles of different societies. Erikson conceptualization of identity was based on the modern western society only. This paved the way for the possible criticism of cultural bias. Nature versus Nurture Influence The nature verses nurture debate is a controversial issue that surrounds cognition. The question arises as to which influences development and whether the influence of genetics and the environment can be separated. Not easily. It may be safe to assume that genetic and the environment balance an individuals trait and behavior. Neither one influences on its own as without one the other is not triggered. Genes have an effect on personality and behavior nonetheless the environment transforms and shapes the reaction of people. This debate will stay ongoing as accurately pinpointing where either gene or environment step in is nigh on impossible. John Locke (1693) disagreed with the view that infants were miniature adults who were born fully equipped with abilities and knowledge. He further introduced the concept of tabula rasa (blank slate) as a description of a newborn babys mind. Children to him were born neither good nor sinful but ready to be formed by their education and experiences. The arrival of the 20th century brought in new ideas from behaviourists who asserted that early training of children turned them into any type of adult irrespective of genes. It is apt to then to look at other features like the cultural background of the child, timing of experiences and ecological factors. They saw the time of an experience occurred would have a significant influence on a childs development. Conclusion Eriksons model recognises the massive role the social environment plays in shaping a childs sense of self. His theory, as we have seen, was based on the premise that individuals interact with countless people, starting with mother and ending with society as a whole. His life cycle stages offers a glimpse into the various stages of babies infants, pre-schoolers etc. It can be seen that successful socio-emotional and cognitive development can bring about behaviours that assist in cognitive development in children. The environment has to be physically and cognitively stimulating to offer fresh concepts while the familiarity is maintained. Such environments should let the child see and be a part of society so that societal norms can be experienced. We have seen that the great theorists are all in agreement that society plays a major part in childrens development. It is becomes apparent as we see that if children are to develop successfully they must confidently understand the mechanisms and works of their own society. This is so that they can adjust or adapt their behaviour to fit in the society. The paper shows that all developmental aspects are closely interrelated. So, the criterion required for successful cognitive and emotional development resides in an environment which lets the child develop and achieve their needs whilst allowing them to learn about their society. We found that emotional development requires thinking to interpret the various situations, understand peoples reactions, so that behaviours and responses are moulded accordingly. The pressures of present society, family and relationships plus the zest for personal development and fulfilment make Eriksons theory very pertinent. His theory is amongst other reasons useful for self-awareness, teaching, coaching managing, applying to conflict resolution and perhaps most important of all parenting.

Development of Anorexia and Bulimia Essay -- Papers Research Health We

Development of Anorexia and Bulimia Anorexia and Bulimia are two very complex conditions that have been around for quite a while, however both anorexia and bulimia amongst other eating disorders are becoming more and more prevalent in today’s society. There has been extensive press and media coverage on conditions related to eating disorders. Anorexia and bulimia are two of the most common eating disorders or two of the most prevalent eating disorders around. Conditions relating to eating disorders more than fifty or so years ago were virtually unheard of, this could be due to a number of reasons. The bulimic sufferer will binge grotesque amounts of food, literally assault themselves with more food than a body can tolerate. Bulimics have no limit at all. The compulsive overeater will at last have to stop eating if only because of the pain of their distended stomach. The Anorexic sufferer deliberately aims to lose weight and sustains this weight loss. Anorexics have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though they are severely underweight. This intense fear is powerful enough to make an individual diet to the point of starvation. An individual who suffers from anorexia is hungry, however, refuses to eat because of the fear of gaining weight. There are thought to be various potential causes of eating disorders. According to the eating disorders research unit, institute of psychiatry (2002), some of the potential causes of eating disorders may be resulted due to the disorder having genetic links, biological factors such as chemical imbalance or malfunction, psychological cause; interpersonal fact... ...titute of Psychiatry, London, from http//:www.eatingresearch.com Accessed on April 28th 2004 Erichsen, A. (1985), Anorexia nervosa: The Broken Circle, London, Faber and Faber Fairbairn, W.R.D, (1952), Psychoanalytic Studies of personality, London, Routledge and Paul. Logue, A.W (1986), The Psychology of Eating and Drinking, New York, WH Freeman and company. MacLeod, S. (1989), The Art of Starvation, London, Virago LTD. National Eating Disorders organisation, Eating Disorders Information, United States, http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp Accessed on 19th April 2004 Sacker, I.M. and Zimmer, M.A. (1987) Dying to be Thin, United States of America, Warner Books. Watson, C. (2004) Research Methods, from http://www.colinwastonleeds.co.uk Accessed 28th April 17th, 20th, 23rd May 2004.

Sustainable road policy?

1. Introduction1.1.Definition and DescriptionTransport is a primary factor in environmental, social and economic development due to its association with aspects of accessibility levels, goods and people’s mobility. An investigation into the development of transport necessitates implementing a regular systematic efficient plan, which will look to improve the whole transportation system for the long term. Sustainable transport is strictly needed to change the quality of life for the better. Consequently, sustainable transport is considered to be founded upon a set of interrelated instructions which aims to improve people’s mobility based on the criteria of safety, social equality, minimum land use, recycling materials and lower impacts on the environment (Marks, 2002).1.2. Versions1.2.1 Green Highway VisionThe Highway Agency (HA) suggested the version 2030 project in 2003. The main objective of this project is to enhance the mobility of goods and people in the UK over t hirty years and to predict, estimate and meet what the mobility needs in the future by considering three scenarios: global economy, sustainable lifestyle, and control and plan. Twelve visions have been proposed from this process, each depending on the aforementioned scenarios with a particular vision behind each one. The Green Highway is one of these visions and indicates to an interactive future with progressed sustainable principles such as: constructing sustainable roads and operating maintenance through using resources efficiently; â€Å"Green† materials application; high use of waste product recycling; and the re-assessing of highway design codes, considering the implications of climate change. In addition to this, noise-impact reduction and keeping biodiversity are taken into account through using eco-environment designs (HA, 2003).1.2.2 Mobility VisionThe second is vision 2050 which was proposed by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development in 2010. This vi sion imagines the sustainable future in a wider scope and attributes a longer period to make governance and business sustainable. This will be achieved by following a pathway which requires essential changes in lifestyle and policy. This pathway is supported by nine elements that link the present and the sustainable future in 2050. For instance, Mobility vision aims to improve the access provision universally for the insurance of safety and low impact mobility in order to make the best sustainable economy. In this context, to make reductions of the high volume of transportation and the information and communication technologies (ICT) it will use. Vehicle efficiency has improved through using sophisticated new technology and the alternative energy source, such as electricity, resulting in a significant decrease in the adverse impacts on the environment. Moreover, the intelligent transportation system (ITS) provides active enforcement and comprehensive mobility management which leads to safety improvement (WBCSD, 2009).1.2.3 Vision TwoThese visions relate to walking and cycling in the UK in 2030. It aims to introduce cycling and walking as an eco-friendly mode for getting rid of the current negative transportation impacts by considering three sustainable visions. This also looks at the future through the concept of social building, by concentrating on five locations in the UK to imagine these impacts on a typical city. For example, a car-free, public transport oriented future encourages the use of mass transport, walking and cycling, meaning a lower volume of cars which is the main mode currently used. The significant factors that share in this vision are exploitation sophisticated technology for cars design, electric cycles, improving walking path and bicycle lanes, and small electric modes for freightage goods. These will make a city have improved sociability, a high level of safety, reduce pollution and noise due to transport, and generate high accessibility (Tight et al., 2011). 2. Discussion2.1. Addressing Sustainability Dimensions2.1.1 Green Highway VisionUndoubtedly, there are three important dimensions that should be concurrently taken into consideration within implementing any sustainable future transport system: environment, social, and economic (Transport Policy Advisory Services, 2010). The Green Highway vision considered the creation of sustainable environments through reducing noise nuisance, keeping biodiversity, recycling and using resources effectively. However there are other environmental aspects, such as land use and air pollution, which are not presented and impact on health more than noise. The social sustainable is presented in this vision but without clarifying how it will improve the transport sector and reduce its impacts on environment or cause an improvement in the community (Colantonio, 2007). Furthermore, the life quality enhancement results from the social sustainability (Polese and Stren, 2005). Moreover the lifestyle scenario enc ourages local communities to work together to achieve sustainability for life and to enhance life quality through improved technologies and lifestyle dependence that will reduce energy use and reliance on cars. The people’s tendency to choose sustainable areas to work and live is encouraged by taking land use plan into consideration (HA, 2003). Also the concept of road construction and maintenance operations with new advanced technique are viewed without indicating to its economic dimension. As well as these processes of road infrastructure, enhancements will promote the economy through revenues from tolls and taxes (Marks, 2002).2.1.2. Mobility VisionComprehensively depending on the exploitation of advanced technology is the main principle of the mobility vision practicability. The environmental sustainable dimension is favourably addressed in this vision through implementing different measures, such as: reducing environment impacts; road congestion; accidents in terms of (n umber and cost). This will lead to a decrease in greenhouse gases and improving traffic by applying Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Furthermore, the economic sustainable dimension is directly addressed through a concern with active transport accessibility which can enhance people’s mobility. This also includes goods freightage, inventing new vehicles, efficient alternative fuels, such as biofuels, high-efficient fuel aircraft, providing interactive transport infrastructure and new transportation means. Overall, this vision vastly considers most economic aspects. However, because of the high cost of biofuel production due to its dependence on feedstock, such as sugarcane, ethanol can be better for use in a commercial viability (Kojima and Johnson, 2006). However, new transport costs are considered as an important target in the transport sustainability, but it is not obviously addressed (Schwaab and Thielmann, 2001). The social sustainable dimension is also addressed in this vision: through the provision of equal mobility for all; safer road networks and decreasing accident numbers close to zero (zero vision); cooperation between transportation companies with other relevant agencies; incorporation of the socio-economic environment with â€Å"integration transport system† (ITS) (WBCSD, 2009). However, the usefulness of non-motorised modes, such as cycling and walking, that improve social community and the environment are not mentioned (Tight et al., 2011). The poor class contribution is also not addressed in this vision, which is considered a key element in the social sustainability dimension. The vision addressed the environmental sustainable dimension through the efforts to reduce noise and greenhouse gases. This was achieved through the use of sophisticated transportation technology such as alternative electrical energy vehicles and â€Å"superior aerodynamic† vehicle quality improvement. However, the addressing of biodiversity and land use impacts are neglected. Nevertheless, the manufacture process of electric cars can also impact adversely on the environment due to the fact that the battery is constructed from harmful materials and uses fossil fuels for its power (Anair and Mahmassani, 2012). According to Calle et al. (2012) the use of biofuels can impact negatively on the environment because it increases greenhouse emissions in other ways, such as non-carbon aircraft emissions and the feedstock production process. Furthermore, this could lead to a potential increase in the price of foodstuffs due to this process using a greater amount of land to produce bioje tfuel (Tietenberg, 2000). 2.1.3. Vision Two This vision for walking and cycling concentrated on urban areas. The economic dimension is clearly addressed so that it considers the enhancement of mobility through improving mass transport, increasing freightage transport efficiency, and constructing separate routes for both bicycles and pedestrians. This also includes supporting and encouraging commercial markets to provide pedestrian electronic tools, and electric-powered bikes and vans. Despite the benefit to human’s health and fitness, walking and cycling causes a significant reduction in travel and congestion costs which leads to an increase in productivity by reducing wastage time. Additionally, a massive reduction in road accident costs can be noticed by allocating dedicated routes for pedestrian and bicycles, based on a reduction in conflict points between bicycles, pedestrians and cars; each conflict point is responsible of the occurrence of a crash in any time and, thus, economic improvement (BCBC, 2009). Social sustainability is vastly addressed in this vision. These will be achieved by applying the equality principle, social consolidation enhancement, public health promotion, and providing high social insurance within that future city which is espoused by this vision. However, it provides the typical social environment inclusion of required needs such as a higher socialised, better communicated, polite and cooperative people which is associated with highest safety levels and health quality. This also suggests roads which have lower car use, dedicate more space for children, and supply all required facilities for walking and cycling. In addition to this is the use of advanced technology in traffic systems, such as automatic vehicle speed reduction system (Tight et al., 2011). This vision addresses the environment dimension by making a reduction in air pollution which leads to a reduction in CO2 emission as well as less transportation noise due to low car use and a greater dependence on walking and cycling. This also includes less land use, the use of eco-friendly cars and imposing strong car use restrictions. As well as this, the walking and cycling and other non-motorized modes are defined as environmental modes due to their compatibility with clean air and that they generate no noise pollution (COUNCIL, 2007).2.2. Transport problems Area2.2.1. Developing CountriesAccording to Gwilliam (2003), developing countries differ from developed countries with respect to of transportation. These differences are characterised by faster population growth, fast urban growth, car ownership, traffic congestion, environmental problems, and road accident and security issues. Movement problems added to the lack of road network quality and traffic management make it very d ifficult to compare and examine. The Green Highway and Vision Two for walking and cycling were placed to the UK situation to address the majority of the above-mentioned issues with a high efficiency, although it cannot be applied in the developing countries with the same efficiency. However, the â€Å"holistic approach [to] improving overall transport† has appeared as a global vision and can address the mobility of urban areas in developing countries. In this vision, the cities are categorized to four kinds, for instance, for addressing finance issues it suggests the participating of both private and public sectors.2.2.2 Climate ChangeThe greenhouse emissions which are from transportation sectors are estimated about 24% globally, and it will increase 2.1% annually (Wright and Fulton, 2005). The CO2 emission was separately estimated to be about 22% in 2012 and was recognized as a main cause of climate change (IEA, 2012). However, addressing climate change can be seen in all th ree visions in different approaches, but vision two is the more effective because of its preference of the non-motorised modes such as walking, cycling and using eco-friendly mass transportation modes. The Green Highway vision aims to adopt the highway design code with the impacts of climate change instead of carbon cutting. Furthermore, the Mobility vision tends to reduce future greenhouse gas emission depending on the technology use with the presence of all transport modes.2.2.3. Equity, social impacts and inclusionThe equity is considered to be a significant aspect due to its extensive influence by any transportation planning decision. However, it can be more effectively addressed through vision two, rather than other visions, because it is focused on increasing the concept of social sustainability (BCDC, 2009). Moreover, public transport accessibility, cycling and walking is crucial to make society more active, but in the mobility vision the economic improvement is taken into co nsideration depending on the sophisticated transportation mode technology. In addition to this, the equity improvement can be achieved by providing equal mobility.2.2.4. Resource use, waste and global pollutionResource use is a potential option in vision two through low car use as well as greater dependence on walking and cycling. In turn this makes a significant reduction in the consumption and use of resources, such as car manufacturing or backup materials, and this leads to the reduction of waste resulting from scrap. However, the Green Highway vision addresses this issue through the high efficiency resources consumption and full attention to recycling concept application. Moreover, the Mobility vision encourages aircrafts and vehicles markets to depend on alternative fuel and observe that this may lead to an increase in resource consumption, such as compound materials which are used in the aircraft manufacturing. However, the potential for recycling carbon fibre has been was fo und (Job, 2010). Conversely, other modes need mass use of resources as well as the technological advancement, and ultimately, global pollution is inevitable.2.2.5. BiodiversityThe Green Highway vision concerns the addressing of biodiversity conservation through constructing of wild movement green bridges and tunnels, and water ponds. However, the Mobility vision has an adverse impact on biodiversity due to its dependence on using the largest land area to provide biojetfuel as an alternative future energy (Kojima and Johnson, 2006). Furthermore, biodiversity has not been influenced by the vision two for concentration on improving road network infrastructure in urban areas.2.2.6. Energy SecurityAccording to DECC (2012), the transport sector contributed about 38% of total energy consumption in 2011. The Green Highway vision can impact positively in the reduction of energy consumption to some extent through focusing on road infrastructure improvement and implementing recycling materials interns to reduce energy consumption by implementing recycling and minimizing the road distance. However, in the Mobility vision, the energy security is addressed efficiently by introducing alternative fuels such as biofuel to replace fossil fuel which leads to energy security effectively (Kojima and Johnson, 2006). In the scope of foodstuffs and climate change, decreasing it seems not compatible and the increasing desire and the biofuel’s wide spread will pose a risk to food security and climate change (Field et al., 2008). Additionally, in vision two the focus on walking and cycling as well as lower car use plays a significant role in energy security; moreover, the aircraft and electric bicycle manufacturing require energy.2.2.7. SafetySafety is an issue that is directly related to public life. However, this issue has not been considered in the Green Highway vision. Nevertheless, the safety is addressed in vision two through the use of alternative biofuels which are charac terised by low carbon emission as well as zero vision which address safety through reducing the accidents number to close to zero. Furthermore, safety is addressed more efficiently through the use of technology that reduces vehicle speed automatically and allocates segregated lanes for pedestrians and cyclists.2.2.8. Landscape and heritageThe Green Highway vision damages landscape and heritage because of their adversely influence on the transportation infrastructure improvement process (Seiler, 2001). Though, in the Mobility vision the largest land use is to provide the requiring energy and may adversely impact the landscape. However, in vision two, improving the transportation infrastructure is based on the existing reality; therefore it does not impact on the landscape.2.2.9. NoiseThe Green Highway vision addresses noise through the use of noise barriers and a defeatist road surface. However, the Mobility vision addresses noise reduction through the use electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles and aircraft with superior aerodynamics deployment. Furthermore, vision two contributes to the reduction of noise through low car use, walking and cycling and using electric modes.2.2.10. Air pollutionThe Green Highway vision addresses air pollution to some degree, but not directly. However, the Mobility vision addresses this issue interactively through low carbon emission from transportation, using electric vehicles, hybrids, eco-friendly ships and aircrafts. In addition to this, it is significantly addressed by vision two through low car use, depending on walking and cycling.2.2.11. Severance and pedestrian issuesThe Green Highway vision does not address severance and pedestrian safety. However, there is full attention given to public safety in the Mobility vision through pollution reduction and low carbon mobility. Moreover, vision two addresses this issue more effectively through improving pedestrian and cyclist’s mobility by allocating separate lanes for their m ovement and low car use.2.3. Feasibility, global transportation issues, barriers2.3.1. Green Highway VisionUndoubtedly, the Green Highway vision introduces an eco-design to be applied to enhance the transportation infrastructure, but it is not active to the high degree of addressing all sustainable dimensions. Good road quality brings more car use which causes environment deterioration. However, the role of advanced technology in the road performance improvement is also not considered in this vision. For example, using connected vehicles which provide the driver with all information about weather, traffic volume, road, and alerting in case the existence of problems as well as electric priority lane that charges moving vehicles automatically (Krick, 2011). In addition to this, a number of Green Highway projects with additional principles to the environmental aspect are applied in some countries such as Sweden and Norway. Consequently, until 2030 the effectiveness of this vision will expire and will not be feasible.2.3.2 Mobility VisionDue to the presence of some features, this vision seems infeasible. However, it relies on incorporating advanced technology in transportation modes which causes a significant reduction in greenhouse emissions and requires a multi-energy source to improve the environment dimension. Moreover, the encouraging travel, car ownership, results in urbanisation, increasing congestion, increasing resource consumption and land take. Furthermore, greater battery energy consumption results in pollution in the stations and reduces the importance of eco-friendly car use. Nevertheless, technology is considered as a barrier in front of relevant authorities to decide on other dimensions (Banister, 2005). However biofuel seems inefficient due to its expected adverse impacts on the security of food and the hydrogen energy cost is estimated to be four times as much as current fuel (ibid, 2005). Albeit, due to dealing with sustainability dimensions lo psidedly as well as developing countries drawbacks in terms of their understanding and point of view towards sustainability concept countries issues, this shows unfeasibility of the vision.2.3.3. Vision TwoThere is an intensive relationship between urban transportation and its impacts on the environment due to it being directly related to life quality. The main target of vision two is life quality improvement through car use avoidance, in contrast to walking and cycling prominent. Currently, the car is a common travel mode, and the average distance travelled in a car has risen by 75% between 1980 and 2008 (DfT, 2009). Accordingly, to achieve a reduction in car use is very difficult and there are a lot of barriers because it relates to the citizens’ freedoms. Therefore it is not easy to accept and to digest such a step and to give-up car ownership. However, the contradiction and non-cooperation between the institutions related to the case and difficulties in legal measures ap plication would be another significant barrier (Banister, 2005). Moreover, causing scandalous damage to car manufacture would only serve to increase the rate of people without jobs as well as the walking and cycling leads to space strictures, and cities extension because of long distance and the lack of network quality, with harsh weather. Even though there is potential to dispose of these barriers by using technological means and strictly roads policies applying, this vision seems more efficient and applicable than others; foregoing the drawbacks, due to its compatibility to improve the tree mentioned sustainability dimensions in cities and towns. References Anair, D., & Mahmassani, A. (2012) State of charge: electric vehicles’ global warming emissions and fuel-cost savings across the United States. Union of Concerned Scientists Report. [Online] www. ucsusa. org/assets/ documents/clean_vehicles/electric-carglobal-warming-emissions-report. pdf. [Accessed November 22nd 2013] Banister, D. 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[online] http://www.hume.vic.gov.au/files/82cb922e-849b-432b-b4d1-9e0e00afba15/CW225WalkingandCyclingStrategy.pdf [Accessed November 26th 2013] DECC (2012) Overall energy consumption in the UK since 1970. Department of Energy and Climate Change. URN Publication: 12D/289. [online] www.decc.gov.uk/†¦/decc/†¦/energy-consumption/2324-overall-ener [Accessed November 26th 2013]. DfT (2009) Transport trends. London: Department for Transport. [online] http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100406130654/dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/trends/current/ [Accessed November 24th 2013]. Field, C. B. Campbell, E. and Lobell, D. B. (2008) Biomass energy: the scale of the potential resource. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 23, Issue 2, 65-72. [online] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534708000098 [Accessed November 30th 2012]. Gwilliam, K. (2003) Urban transport in developing countries. [online] Transport Reviews, 23(2), 197-216. [online] http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640309893#.Umwm7XCb55g [Accessed November 20th 2013] HA (2003) Vision 2030 – Final report: An investigation into the long-term challenges and opportunities for the UK’s strategic highway network. Highways agency. WSP Civils. [online] Ltd.http://www.transportvisions.org.uk/documents/documents.htm [Accessed December 5th 2013]. IEA Statistics (2012) CO2 emissions from fuel consumption: Highlights. Paris: International Energy Agency, 2011 Edition. [online] www.iea.org/†¦/CO2emissionfromfuelcombustionHIGHLIGHTS.pdf [Accessed December 2nd 2012]. Job, S. (2010) Composite recycling: summary of recent research and development. Materials KTN Reports. [online] www.compositesuk.co.uk/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=LXN†¦ [Accessed December 4th2012]. Kirk, B., & Eng, P. (2011) Connected vehicles: an executive overview of the status and trends. Globis Consulting, November, 21. [online] http://www.globisconsulting.ca/Connected_Vehicles_Globis_rpt.pdf [Accessed November 24th2013] Kojima, M., & Johnson, T. (2005) Potential for biofuels for transport in developing countries. [online]http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093014861.html;jsessionid=25D728151573397D1B099BB26B4D6DF1 [Accessed November 23rd 2013] Marks, D. H. (2002) The Evolving Role of Systems Analysis in Process and Methods in Large-Scale Public Socio-Technical Systems. In Proceedings of the Engineering Systems Division (ESD) Internal Symposium (pp. 251-266). [online] http://esd.mit.edu/WPS/internal-symposium/esd-wp-2003-01.08.pdf Polese, M. and Stren, R,. (Eds.), (2000) The Social Sustainability of Cities: Diversity and the Management of Change. Toronto:University of Toronto Press. Schwaab, J.A. and Thielmann, S. (2001) Economic instruments for sustainable road transport: an overview for policy makers in developing countries. Eschborn: GTZ publication. [online] lnweb90.worldbank.org/†¦/Economic_Instruments_for_Sustainable_†¦[Accessed December 2nd 2013]. Seiler, A. (2001) Ecological effects of roads: A review. Riddarhyttan: University of Agricultural Sciences, S-73091. [online] idd00s4z.eresmas.net/doc/transp/ecoeffectsonroads.pdf [Accessed December 2rd December 2013]. Tietenberg, T. H., & Lewis, L. (2000) Environmental and natural resource economics (pp. 86-98). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. [online] http://www.dandelon.com/servlet/download/attachments/dandelon/ids/AT00182C23C6746888AE0C12570840044C6CE.pdf Tight, M. Timms, P. Banister, D. Bowmaker, J. Copas, J. Day, A. Drinkwater, D. Givoni, M. Guhnemann, A. Lawler, M. Macmillen, J. Miles, A. Moore, N. Newton, R. Ngoduy, D. Ormerod, M. O’Sullivan, M. Watling, D. (2011). Visions for a walking and cycling focussed urban transport system. Journal of Transport Geography 19, 1580–1589. 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Free Essays on Kilbourne

Everyday we watch TV, read magazines, and walk around campus. This is a normal routine for us all; but what we don’t realize is that through all our regular activities we are being bombarded with ads that try to influence us in many ways. â€Å"Advertising is an over 100 billion dollar a year industry, and we are exposed to 2,000 ads a day† (Kilbourne 194). In fact American children are exposed to so many controversial ads that fourth grade girls are beginning to watch their weight. So where does this lead us you may ask. In â€Å"Beauty and the Beast of Advertising,† Jean Kilbourne brings to our attention just how much we are affected by the way America advertises. Kilbourne’s essay is an excellent one and I would highly recommend it to a freshman seminar professor. Through Kilbourne’s exciting facts and examples, not to mention the irrelativeness to college students, she displays how cultural influences and factors (such as advertising) shape atti tudes, ways of thinking and behaviors. Which is the purpose of the freshman seminar class according to the syllabus. The first reason that I would recommend â€Å"Beauty and the Beast of Advertising,† is because it would relate to the students in the freshman seminar class. As I stated before we are exposed to 2,000 ads a day (194). So quite obviously the issues presented in the essay have much to do with any American including the students of a freshman seminar class. They are all exposed to these ads and these ads affect each and every one of them. Also Kilbourne tells us, â€Å"Adolescents are particularly vulnerable, however, because they are new and inexperienced consumers and are the prime targets of many advertisements† (194). All of the students in the freshman seminar class are either still in their adolescent years or just coming out of them so they have all experienced how ads can change your views. I know that in my composition class we read this article and the reaction was... Free Essays on Kilbourne Free Essays on Kilbourne Everyday we watch TV, read magazines, and walk around campus. This is a normal routine for us all; but what we don’t realize is that through all our regular activities we are being bombarded with ads that try to influence us in many ways. â€Å"Advertising is an over 100 billion dollar a year industry, and we are exposed to 2,000 ads a day† (Kilbourne 194). In fact American children are exposed to so many controversial ads that fourth grade girls are beginning to watch their weight. So where does this lead us you may ask. In â€Å"Beauty and the Beast of Advertising,† Jean Kilbourne brings to our attention just how much we are affected by the way America advertises. Kilbourne’s essay is an excellent one and I would highly recommend it to a freshman seminar professor. Through Kilbourne’s exciting facts and examples, not to mention the irrelativeness to college students, she displays how cultural influences and factors (such as advertising) shape atti tudes, ways of thinking and behaviors. Which is the purpose of the freshman seminar class according to the syllabus. The first reason that I would recommend â€Å"Beauty and the Beast of Advertising,† is because it would relate to the students in the freshman seminar class. As I stated before we are exposed to 2,000 ads a day (194). So quite obviously the issues presented in the essay have much to do with any American including the students of a freshman seminar class. They are all exposed to these ads and these ads affect each and every one of them. Also Kilbourne tells us, â€Å"Adolescents are particularly vulnerable, however, because they are new and inexperienced consumers and are the prime targets of many advertisements† (194). All of the students in the freshman seminar class are either still in their adolescent years or just coming out of them so they have all experienced how ads can change your views. I know that in my composition class we read this article and the reaction was...

Conserving Economic Theories essays

Conserving Economic Theories essays Before the Industrial Revolution, we would export our raw goods to other countries. Then they were made into manufactured goods and shipped back to us where we had to pay a high fee for them. Now that the Industrial Revolution is starting we have many factories and industries. These factories can now turn our raw goods into useful manufactured materials. The growth of these factories and industries are the start of the Industrial Revolution. They are bringing a lot of money to the American economy which making many people rich. There are many different views on what the rich should do with their money. The conservative economic theories included laissez-faire, Social Darwinism, and The Gospel of Wealth (AMSCO p.339). Adam Smith came up with the idea of laissez-faire when he wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776 (Smith, Adam). Since he wrote this before the Industrial Revolution, his ideas never really caught on until now. According to the theory of laissez-faire, the government wouldnt be as involved in the economy. Adam Smith believed that this would help the economy by introducing competition which would improve the goods and services and lower the prices (AMSCO p.339). He was completely against monopolies and mercantilist ideas because he believed that they worked against his whole laissez-faire idea. He did believe that there should be restrictions on free trade and the government should get involved in the economy to reduce poverty and government regulations to support the workers (Smith, Adam). Social Darwinism was the idea of survival of the fittest. Herbert Spencer was the most influential Social Darwinist. He believed that money went to the most fit, which was most beneficial to society (AMSCO p.339). Many of the wealthy people started out poor and worked their way up. Social Darwinists believed that those who rem...

Group Policy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Policy - Coursework Example Security: due to the various security breaches evident, it is important to use the group policy to curb that. For instance, an organization can experience security breach due to the employees using very weak passwords. With the group policy, it is easy for an organization to set certain requirements for the users to follow when setting passwords. Cost and time: it enables installation or upgrading of software from one location and ensures that every machine is serviced simultaneously (Moskowitz, Hicks, & Burchill, 2013). Moreover, it is also possible to conduct the upgrade outside the business hours to avoid disruption of the work schedule. There are various potential pitfalls. One, because the SQL server is configured for windows authentication only, it becomes difficult to manage data in all the other relational databases. Moreover, the database can only be accessed from within the local area network. Beyond that, it becomes inaccessible. Lack of firewalls between the servers and the applications of the client becomes difficult to get into the client’s database and gather the additional information required. The types of data elements that will be difficult to capture are the compound data elements. These are data elements consisting of three field’s control, component count field together with the total length of the required data elements. The reason is due to lack of firewall between the server and the applications of the clients. It is able to establish a boundary between a trusted and un-trusted network (Moraes, 2011). Thus, the user is not restricted by any set of rules applicable and can therefor e conceal the compound data elements in such a way that it becomes difficult for them to be found. The main considerations include enhancing security. Among the 120 end users, there can be some using some practices that can lead to breach of security for the organization. This can be quite costly since the

MET Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

MET - Essay Example A material with a hardness of HRC 40 equals around HB 375, which is considered as moderately hard. Even though this level of hardness is considered suitable, a hardness value of HRC 50 or HB 475 is better when the ductility level is also high which represents about 15% elongation. According to appendix 3, it reveals forms of AISI 1040 and others that are non-listed and oil quenched and they are listed as having adequate hardness levels. Appendix 4-1 indicates the same material that is tempered and quenched in water. The AISI 1040 WQT 700 possesses a hardness of HRC 43 (HB 401), a yield point of 92ksi and elongation percentage of 20. 30. In order to obtain the suitable hardened condition, the whole part is heated and then quenched. The part is hardened the entire time but differs in thick sections. However, no chemical constituent changes are experienced. During the carburizing process, the chemical structure of the surface is altered through carbon infusion. Therefore, the process of carburizing makes the outer surface harder while the inner surface becomes

Intellectual and Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Intellectual and Property Law - Essay Example In USA, the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) was enacted some twenty-five years back. (Dreyfuss et al 2011:113). Now, trade secrets can be justified as a guise not of customary property but of intellectual property. The incentive by way of IP protection to trade secrets is justifiable, mainly to offer a boost for new inventions. Offering legal protection for those new inventions not only promotes their creation, but also facilitates an inventor to cash his inventions by selling his new ideas to others. Through patent law, trade secrecy can be safeguarded as it is not only quicker but also cheaper to obtain patent over such business secrets as it extends safeguard to various varieties of business and manufacturing process information. Sometimes, court considers trade secret law as a common law tort instead of perusing the same under IP rights. Protection of trade secrets through IP promote pre-emption of â€Å" unjust enrichment â€Å" philosophies and other common law remedies that courts are enticed to offer the private parties legal control over information that is available in the public domain. In case of commercial scenarios, the cases of the breach of confidence most recurrently happen. It is to be noted that there exists a difference between a trade secret and just commercial â€Å"know-how.† It has been observed that mere know-how is not safeguarded under the law and to be safeguarded, it should be in the guise of a trade secret. Majority of the commercial know-how is no doubt having great value and hence, it is essential to keep it away from public dissemination. For instance, a chemical formula for a specific ingredient (for instance coca-cola) should be preserved under lock and key, which is known as the trade secret. Trade secret connotes information, including but not restricted to a pattern, formula, method, compilation, technique, programme or information or process embodied or contained in a product mechanism or devise which: may or is may be employed in a business or trade; b) is not normally recognised in that business or trade; c) has some economic value from not being generally be disclosed; d) Is adequate initiatives have been taken to maintain the secrecy under the scenario. (Sumpter 2006:100). Illustration of confidential information: Plans and Designs as held in Saltman v Campbell Swizzle sticks embellished with a cruise ship name where they are being widely used as held in Ackroyds (London ) Ltd v Islington Plastics Ltd1 A manufacturing process for establishing a confectionary as held in AB Consolidated v Europe Strength Food. Exhaustive information about assets, supplies, budgets, strategic planning and clients stored in computer files as held in Ravensdown Corp Ltd v Groves 2 Concepts and ideas gathered during negotiations in commercial opportunities as held in Pacifica Shipping Co Ltd v Andersen3 Disclosures made about the patented invention during the course of business negotiations as held in Seager v Copydex. Details stored about the requirements of clients and list of customers as held in Target Recruitment Services Ltd v Lewin4 Details of general information about the company which contains details about the products dealt with , chemical formulae , prices to be quoted in the tenders , budget forecasts and market information as held in AM Satterthwaite & Co Ltd v Gay 5 The genetic components of plant budwood that was stolen as held in Franklin v Giddins. If a new plant variety for which litigation is made is kept as secret or

Corellation Between Spirituality, Emotions Essay Example for Free

Corellation Between Spirituality, Emotions Essay Abstract   The purpose of this paper is to describe the changes during pregnancy, which is influenced by various factors like lifestyle modification, emotions and spirituality. The paper first discusses in detail about the stress and emotional changes, which occurs during pregnancy and its impact on both child and mother. These results are also supported with proper evidence from various research.   Secondly, paper discusses about how lifestyle modification in pregnant women affects the child and mother and these results are supported by evidence from various research.   Finally, the paper discusses about the spiritual believes and its impact on pregnant women. INTRODUCTION Pregnancy is a life event for which most women look forward too. The symptoms of pregnancy might sometimes be distressing but ultimately, it is all worthwhile. Women’s life changes completely during this period. This is the most stressful as well as memorable period in a women’s life. Proper planning before pregnancy to overcome the physical and emotional changes is highly essential. Since, lifestyle modification, stress, anxiety and diet changes produce major impacts in pregnant women and the fetus, the need for proper life style modification during pregnancy is recommended by all physicians. This paper discusses the impact of three major factors Stress, life style modification and spirituality in pregnant women with empirical evidence from various research studies. STRESS AND RELATED IMPACTS IN PREGNANT WOMEN   Expectant women are subject to stress due to several factors, which includes physical changes during pregnancy, environmental changes, lifestyle changes and several other factors. Pregnant women besides physical changes also experience emotional changes at time of pregnancy. Mood swings are common and women will face emotional ups and downs in early pregnancy because of hormonal changes. Its is common for pregnant women to cry or get angry and upset for no apparent reason.    Pregnancy Changes related to stress During first trimester, the pregnant women spend most of their time by realizing the fact that they are pregnant. They experience themselves inwardly and try to understand and overcome the fears about the pregnancy. This must be the case only when the women experiencing the first pregnancy. In later pregnancy, they become more familiar with the changes. At first pregnancy, pregnant women are subjected to many fear such as fear about discontinuing the job, lifestyle changes, responsibility, economical constrains etc. Insecure feelings are common during the early stage of pregnancy. Mood swings grows higher leading to unusual behaviors. The pregnant woman may laugh or cry for irrelevant things. These are often related to hormonal changes in the body. However, researchers believe that hormonal changes during pregnancy augment the force of the feelings and do not causes mood change. Few researchers has identified that the amount of anxiety is heavier in pregnant women who bears a boy baby, for which the reasons are unidentified. In the second trimester, the expectant mother slowly comes out of fear and anxiety, which they experienced during the first trimester and starts feeling better as by now they start experiencing the movement of the baby. During this period, the understanding between the husband and wife starts growing and slowly they accept the existence of baby. The woman starts showing changes physically as she gain weight, also fear and anxiety grows rapidly during this period as fear of miscarriage or disaster to the baby or to herself develops. Speaking out about the fear to her husband or to someone close would relive herself from stress. During the last stage of pregnancy, the pregnant mother experience more fear and stress. As they grow larger in size, they experience low self-esteem and expect more attention from all the dear ones especially from her husband. They fear more regarding delivery complications.    Physical stress during pregnancy and its impact Physical strain during pregnancy is equal to emotional strain. High physical stress during pregnancy is not advisable as it has possibility of inducing preterm delivery among pregnant women. â€Å"In a research conducted by Mozurkewich and Colleague among the employees of pregnant women in U.S who had performed increased physical work has given birth before their deliver date. In another study conducted among the women in France has shown similar results.    Stress and its impact on diet Stress, tension, low energy, exhaustion and other emotional changes can influence the diet preference by the pregnant women. According to the study conducted by the ‘Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health’, â€Å"the diet of the expectant mother would affect the growth of the fetus and the wellbeing of the infant. According to this study which was conducted by ‘Kristen Hurley, Janet DiPietro, Kathleen Costigan and Laura Caulfield’, â€Å"Mother who experienced more fatigue during the pregnancy period consumed more amount of energy rich foods and zinc and consumed less folate. Expectant mothers who felt more stressed munched more amount of snacks and carbohydrate foods and also consumed lots of foods which is rich in fat, protein, iron and zinc. Worried feelings were connected with poorer consumption of vitamin C. Mothers who were stressed by pregnancy experience ate less meat.†Ã‚   â€Å"While pregnant women eating more amount of food may lead to increase in micronutrients and decrease the intake of other important nutrients like folate and vitamin C†, says, ‘Laura Caulfield, Ph.D. an associate professor at the Bloomberg School of Public Health’s Centre for Human Nutrition’.    Stress and its effect on the fetus Stress during pregnancy can bring about several changes in mother and child’s health. It affects the heart rate of the pregnant women. It also brings about blood pressure and anxiety in women. â€Å"According to Catherine Monk of Columbia University, emotional changes during pregnancy result in heart problems in pregnant women and have major effect on the fetus.†Ã‚   Earlier research has shown that stress during pregnancy leads to under weight babies and premature babies. Researcher has found that heart rate of mother is associated to heart rate of the fetus and when mother is stressed or worried, it affects the infant directly. Researchers from John Hopkins University and National Institute of Child Health Development (NICHD) in their research have found that emotional changes during pregnancy have direct impact on child’s behavior. Mother with increased emotion and fear of pregnancy has children with poor behavior skills and emotional disorder.  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"According to Janet A. DiPietro, PhD, a developmental psychologist and professor at John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, increased stress during pregnancy results in chemical changes which manipulate the organ growth and development of the fetus.† Thus, it is essential for a pregnant women to be free from stress and emotions during and after pregnancy to give birth to a healthy baby and to maintain her own health. LIFESTYLE CHANGES AND ITS IMPACT IN EXPECTANT MOTHER Lifestyle modification during pregnancy affects both mother and child especially when seems to be negative. Expectant mothers who are involved in habits such as Cigarette, alcohol, caffeine etc are under risk of developing breast cancer, delivery complications and pass the risk of behavioral disorder to their child. Apart from this diet, modification and exercise pattern also has impact on child’s growth. Expectant mother with eating disorder or overeating habits are prone to low-birth weight or over weight babies. Alteration in diet with inadequate nutrients or over nutrition leads to gestational diabetes. The child born to such parents develops Type I diabetes and are also at risk of developing cardiovascular problems. Lower folate consumption before and during the time of pregnancy would lead to birth defect and neurological problems. Hence, proper nutrition intake before and after pregnancy is essential. Consumption of Alcohol at the time of pregnancy leads to abortion, affects the fetus development, causes serious birth defects particularly the intellectual growth of the child. Hence, it is advisable to avoid alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy. Pregnant women who drink heavily are at risk of giving birth to child with alcohol syndrome i.e. a syndrome, which has major effect on mental and physical health. Similarly, pregnant women who consumes higher amount of caffeine are also at risk of developing miscarriage and birth defects. In addition, heavy exposure to chemicals can lead to birth defects. Various studies have shown that exposure to hazardous chemicals as solvents at work place have resulted in increase in the risk of abortion or birth defects. Apart from these, exercise during pregnancy is highly essential. Exercise during pregnancy strengthens the lower back and lower abdomen. Lack of proper exercise would result in caesarian and delivery complications. Exercise can reduce the labor complications and the risk of delivery. Regular exercise and walking would be more effective if followed in the second and third trimester. It helps the pregnant women to be relieved out of constipation, discomfort due to increased weight, fatigue, backaches etc    Diet modification during pregnancy affects the child and the offspring A research study conducted by â€Å"Children’s hospital Oakland Research Institute by David Martin, M.D, Dr. Jennifer Cropley and Catherine Suter from Victor Chang Heart Institute in Sydney, November 2006, has found that, ‘ mother’s diet during pregnancy   dose not only affect the health of her child but also affects the health of the grandchildren by changing the behavior of specific gene.† The researchers has performed the study on Avy mouse (yellow in color) which posses gene similar to human genes. The researchers during the research has used two group of pregnant mouse of which one group was fed with usual diet consumed by human and the other group was provided with supplements such as folate, vitamin, zinc etc along with the normal diet during the middle of the pregnancy. The similar experiments were followed for the offspring’s. The results of the study revealed that mouse without the supplement diet in both the experiments has shown considerable alteration in the gene resulting in the change of color from yellow to brown and were also found to be unhealthy and are at risk of cancer. Though it is, the known fact that mother’s diet would have considerable impact on the child’s health this is the first study, which has compared the correlation between mother’s diet and its impact in offspring. According to ‘Kenneth Beckman, Ph.D. Assistance Scientist at CHORI and a member of Project Export Centre of excellence in Nutritional Genomics, said, â€Å"The supplements provided during the pregnancy of the mother benefited the grand children even when the mother of the grandchild did not consume diet with supplements. Thus, maternal diet could have long lasting implications which extends for generations and even centuries.† Overeating and its impact on child  Ã‚   According to the research from ‘Oregon Health and Science University, September 2006’, â€Å"overeating during pregnancy may lead to several health problems to the child.†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The researcher Kevin Grove, Ph.D., a scientist in ONPRC’s Division of Neuroscience in his research has confirmed that grandchildren off the expectant mother who overeat are at risk for liver damage and at a risk for early commencement of diabetes and obesity. Apart from this considerable change take place in the hypothalamus of the brain, which is responsible for the weight regulation.   He also states that children who are born to mother who consumes lots of fatty foods may be at a risk of diabetes and obesity.† The researchers have noted that pregnant female monkeys who were used for the research when provided with high fatty food passed on liver damage and pancreas damage to their offspring’s. The results were similar to humans when expectant women consumed high fatty food. It is clear from the above study that the need for a balanced diet among pregnant women is highly essential to prevent all health related problems to the child and the offspring. Another study conducted by world health organization there is a considerable increase in obesity related heart disease and metabolic disease among the present generation. Though the increase in obesity among present generation is because they consume high amount of fatty foods like sugar and saturated fats, on the other hand the obesity is also associated with increased consumption of energy rich food during pregnancy and during breast-feeding is one more reason for obesity among children’s. For several years it is has been stated that undernourished mother during pregnancy give birth to low birth weight babies which in turn affects the infant with heart related problems as it grows. However, latest studies reveals that apart form undernourished mother even the child born for mother who during pregnancy expose to energy rich food are also prone to heart disease. The study also revels that maternal diet has direct impact on child’s desire for food and maternal diet with increased energy food results in heart disease and other diseases like diabetes and hypertension in the later part of life. In such cases, the child develops abnormalities in aorta and in kidney resulting in severe disease as they grow up.    Smoking affects the child and grandchild Pregnant women may pass down the habit of smoking and its related disease to their child and to their grandchildren for continued generation.   Research study from Australia in 1982 has revealed the fact that children born to mothers who smoked during the time pregnancy started smoking before the age of 15 when compared to the children’s who were born to the mother who were non-smokers. At the same time, children’s of mothers who were smokers and gave up smoking at the time of pregnancy has shown similar results as children’s of mother who was non-smoker.   Thus, pregnant women are highly recommended to avoid smoking during pregnancy. Different study conducted by ‘Keck School of Medicine of University of California, states that use of tobacco and nicotine by the mother during pregnancy would result in lung diseases such as asthma to her children and grandchildren. The author Frank D. Gilliland, Professor of preventive medicine Keck School of Medicine states that smoking pregnant women will pass down long-term impact of lung disease in generations continuing for centuries. The research result shows that children’s and grandchildren’s of smoking mother at the time of pregnancy experienced problems of asthma from the age of five. Although the child of smoking mother did not experience any problem, the grandchild was highly prone to developing asthma. The researchers have also found that the nicotine present in the tobacco affects the DNA of the infant and affects the immune system of the baby. It is also found that nicotine from the tobacco affects the formation of the egg in the girl child as it grows. Thus, from above research studies it is clear that lifestyle modification in pregnant women would bring major impact in both child and mother. Few research has also proved that even grandchildren’s and further generation are affected by irregular dietary habits and alcohol and smoking habits. SPIRITUALITY AND ITS IMPACT ON EXPECTANT MOTHER Fasting seems to be one of spiritual activity, which has influenced most of the religious people especially Hindus and Muslims. People by fasting show their gratitude and love towards God. However, fasting when continued for more that two or three days leads to Lower Glycemic Index, reduces the protein and fat level in blood, increases the uric acid content, and possibly reduces the RBC and hemoglobin levels in the blood. If this is the case for normal people, when women with pregnancy undergoes fasting the results would be more drastic leading to ill health to both mother and child. As pregnancy is a crucial period and the mother is expected to consume the right amount of nutrition to maintain her health and the babies’ health, fasting during such period has to be avoided. According to a ‘Physician Gabriel Cousens, â€Å"fasting means to withdraw from that which is poisonous to the intellect, body and spirit. This can also be described as removal of corporal, emotional and psychological pollutant from our life, more willingly than merely staying away from or interrupting eating. Starving oneself for religious purposes typically involves taking away thyself from worldly duties.† On the other hand, in spite of the awareness for the need for proper nutrition some expectant mothers as being more religious blindly believes that by following rituals like fasting would bring God’s love and blessings to the child. Especially Muslim women’s during the period of Ramadan even if pregnant presume that fasting is obligatory for healthy wellbeing of child and mother. However, Islam is not too harsh on Muslim women’s who are pregnant. For that reason, no religion would be cruel to advice fasting during pregnancy. In Islam, the culture itself has prohibited such activity. Qur’an, has stated the following people not to fast during Ramadan, â€Å"pregnant women in her last trimester and also to avoid fasting by expectant mother if its is harmful to the mother and the child, women who is breast feeding, menstruating women and women who are in nifas.†Ã‚   According to Hadith, â€Å"the religion also states that if a expectant mother or the breast-feeding mother is subjected to health problems due to fasting, in such case they can fast the equivalent amount of days in another period of time.† Fasting are starving in the name of god is not ideal and it only spoils the health of the mother and baby. As pregnancy is an imperative period in women’s life attachment between mother and child grows right from the time of conception and develops with intake of right nutrition at right time. Impacts of fasting in Expectant women During pregnancy, the mother has to eat for two hence at this time going without food or starving without food due to spiritual reasons would affect both the child and mother. On the other hand, avoiding food at instance help the mother to remove the toxins from her body. Toxins loaded in the kidney, lungs, bladder, skin, intestinal track, respiratory track etc can be removed when avoiding food at some instances. However, this depends on the body condition of the women. In such cases the pregnant women has to take the advice of her doctor regarding her dietary habits. The culture of Islam states that fasting during first and second trimester of pregnancy is safer. This is also supported by the statement provided by ‘Dr. Shahid Athar; â€Å"according to him expectant based on health conditions can fast during the 1st and 2nd trimesters with the guidance and supervision from her obstetrician.† In a study conducted in Africa by researchers from Austin, nearly 89.5% of expectant women were fasting during the month of Ramadan. The result showed that blood glucose level in expectant mother who were fasting were significantly less than the normal amount which has resulted in gestational diabetes among these women. As no carbohydrate is available for producing glucose during the fasting period ketosis occur to avoid the loss of protein, which results in fall in insulin level and augmented weight loss. The research has proved that continuous fasting in pregnant women increase the risk of gestational diabetes, which results in over weight babies, caesarian, and stillbirth. Proper diet management under medical supervision and frequent blood testing for blood sugar can prevent gestational diabetes in pregnant women. Another research by â€Å"Kellymon has proved that fasting leads to dehydration, which thereby decreases the milk supply due to the decreased fluid level in the body.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another study by Centre for Advance for health in 2000 has revealed that pregnant mothers who starved during the first 14 weeks of pregnancy has given birth to child who are at high risk of heart disease. Form the research studies it is clear that fasting in the name of spirituality has shown adverse effect on both the child and mother. Although the belief of the expectant mother has to be considered, health related issues due to fasting have to be given priority. Since, the effect of fasting affects not only the mother but also the child, such beliefs has to be considered. The impacts of fasting last on child’s health for longer period and even it grows for several generations. CONCLUSION   As pregnancy is a crucial period in women’s life special attention and care during this period is more important. Pregnant women in general should be away from stress and try to keep them relaxed and peaceful. Excess stress can create severe impact on women’s health and in child’s health and also can lead to preterm delivery and miscarriage. Focusing on positive lifestyle changes before and after pregnancy could yield better results by improving the health and intellect of the baby. Thus for safe and healthy pregnancy, it is always better to be planed to avoid all harmful behaviors.    REFERENCES Shahid Athar, â€Å"Effects of Fasting in Pregnant Women during Ramadan†, Journal of Islamic Medical Association, November 1987. Hadith, â€Å"Studies on Fasting during Ramadan†, Islamic Horizon, October 2003. Kevin Grove, â€Å"Overeating and its impact on child†, Oregon Health and Science University, September 2006 Kristen Hurley, Janet DiPietro, Kathleen Costigan and Laura Caulfield, â€Å"Stress and its Impact in Pregnant Women,† Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, June 2005.    David Martin, Dr. Jennifer Cropley, Catherine Suter, Kenneth Beckman, â€Å"Diet modification during pregnancy affects the child and the offspring†, Children Hospital and Research Centre at Oakland, December 2006. World Health Organization, â€Å"Obesity related to cardiovascular disease in children†, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, May 2005. Frank D. Gilliland, Yu-Fen Li, â€Å"Smoking during Pregnancy affects the Child and Grandchild†, Chest Vol. 128, No. 5, April 2005, Pp 1231-1241. Mozurkewich EL. â€Å"Working Conditions and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome.† Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001. 96:624-636.